Conquer the summer heat

Your body is going to perform differently when it's 60 degrees outside than when it is 90 degrees. Although exercising in hot weather requires extra planning and caution to avoid health risks, it is possible to improve performance, enjoy your training sessions and not feel completely drained when training in the heat.

There's a good chance that you are not making good decisions when training in the heat and as a result, your performance and health is being compromised.

Running without a hydration belt, not planning stops accordingly on the bike, showing up to workouts dehydrated, not fueling properly (or eating enough) and not rehydrating properly after workouts will negatively impact your body's thermoregulatory process.

The human body is remarkable when it comes to exericising heat, so long as you take the necessary steps to acclimate gradually, pace yourself and look for opportunities to minimize dehydration and cool the skin.

Endurance performance in the heat

The human body functions the best at a stable temperature of around 97.7-98.6°F
Thermoregulation is the maintenance of internal core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss. 

When I was participating in XTRI ICON in Livigno, Italy on September 1st, I experienced symptoms of hypothermia after the swim portion of the race. The air temperature was 32 degrees F and the water temperature was 52 degrees F. Although I had on a thermal swim cap, gloves and booties, my gloves filled up with water and I was forced to remove them. Spending almost an hour to cover 3.8K caused my body temperature to drop - I was losing heat faster than I could produce it. After I exited the water, I was shivering uncontrollably. The brain recognized that my body temperature had dropped and it made me shiver - producing heat through muscle activity. Thankfully, Karel and a few others athletes helped me out by getting me out of my wet clothes, putting on dry clothes (and lots of layer) and making me drink warm tea. and after almost 30 minutes, I was able to continue with the race. Thankfully, my body allowed me to perform for over 14 more hours. 

Hypothermia is extremely scary. 
And so is hyperthermia. Unfortunantly, athletes often overlook the risks of exercising in the heat, all in the name of performance. Whereas many athletes are afraid of getting too cold, some athletes don't have the same fears in hot conditions. 

Hyperthermia is the opposite of hypothermia. It's an abnormally high body temperature - or overheating. Hyperthermia occurs when your body absorbs or generates more heat than it can release.

Heat is produced as a byproduct of metabolism (any reaction that occurs in the human body). However, the body is very inefficient during exercise. You lose ~75% of energy as heat from the working muscles. And for that heat to removed from the body, it can be lost through the processes of conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Evaporation is the primary method of losing heat from sweating.

It is well known that exercising in the heat induces thermoregulatory and other physiological strain, negatively impacting the endurance performance and physical health. When exercising in the heat, skin blood flow and sweat rate increase to allow for heat dissipation. Sustaining adequate hydration is essential for proper body functioning in the heat. Otherwise, there is great risk for dehydration and experiencing a heat illness. And dehydration will further exacerbate thermal and cardio strain.

Although fluid intake, sodium and carbohydrate are very important during endurance exercise in the heat, athletes tend to make the following mistake.....

Consuming an excessive amount of fluid, sodium and carbohydrates while/as the body is overheating.
 

If your body is overheating because your muscles are creating too much heat in order to move you forward, there's a great risk for GI issues, fatigue and heat stress. Reduced blood flow to the intestines during exercise is one of the primary contributors to GI symptoms. GI issues are exacerbated when the body is unable to regulate body temperature and when dehydrated. Because blood is diverted from the gut and to the working muscles, the lack of blood flow in the gut slows gastric emptying. As a result, the delivery of nutrients and fluids to the muscles gets delayed (which brings on early fatigue) and may cause gut discomfort (and many other uncomfortable side effects). Reduced blood flow to the intestines may also contribute to increased permeability of the gut wall, which may trigger an inflammatory response resulting in prolonged GI distress.

In other words, if your body is creating too much heat because of your effort, fatigue or poor economy, no amount of extra nutrition, sodium or fluids on top of what your body can actually digest and absorb (which at this point may be minimal) will help your body perform better in the heat. 

Instead, to optimize performance in the heat, you need to focus on ways to reduce internal heat build up. This will require reducing your effort, including more stop/walk breaks throughout the race, being disciplined to not overconsume products beyond what you've trained your gut to tolerate and to pay attention to the warning signs of heat stress. 

Nutrition tips to help you excel in a warm weather race

As you go from winter to spring to summer, it takes much more effort and energy to maintain a "normal" pace as the temperature rises. As a way to keep your exercising body safe in the heat, your body increases your sweat rate to remove heat from your body through evaporative cooling. As you become dehydrated (from fluid loss), blood volume decreases. In turn, more blood going to the skin means less going to your heart. To maintain cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart minute), heart rate increases in order to supply the working muscles with blood. But due to a decline in blood availability (for cooling), less blood is available to go to the working muscles. When the body can no longer take care of all of its responsibilities (remember - all of this is happening so you don't die in the heat), your body begins to shut down to keep you safe. If you ignore the signs of overheating, heat builds up in your body, your core temp increases and you are at risk for overheating and may experience heat stroke.
If you've ever struggled running in the heat, you are not alone. There are a few primary reasons why performance declines in warmer temps.

1) An increase in overall body temperature. Similar to a fever, the higher your core temperature, the greater the perceived effort (everything feels harder).

2) In the warmer temps, a significant amount of blood flow is redirected from the working muscles to the skin in order to cool the body. Cooling (which is very important to the health of your body - your organs don't want to overheat!) happens from sweating and evaporation. Therefore, less blood is available to transport oxygen to the working muscles. Less oxygen in the heat is similar to training at altitude. But in humid conditions, the air is full of water vapor and it can't hold any more so sweat has a difficult time evaporating (which means it can't cool you like it would be able to do in low humidity).

3) Dehydration increases in hot conditions. When you are dehydrated, you lose blood volume which causes your blood to get thicker. This makes it harder for your heart to supply blood to your muscles. As a result, your heart has to work even harder to pump that blood. Additionally, when fluid levels drop, you have a harder time controlling body temperature which causes the core temperature to rise even faster.

4) You DO NOT lose sodium without fluids. Dehydration comes from fluid loss - not from sodium loss. If you are simply focusing on sodium and carbs (salt tabs, gels and chews) but not drinking enough water each hour, the sodium and carbs will not do anything to help you avoid dehydration. You must drink enough of a well-formulated sport drink to properly keep yourself hydrated.

The bottom line is that the harder you work in the heat, the more heat is generated from the working muscles. Blood in your body competes for the working muscles (energy), the skin (to cool you) and the gut (aid in absorption and digestion of calories). The greater the metabolic heat production, the more energy is needed to cool the body (top priority to prevent you from overheating) - which means more stress on the cardiovascular system. Heat stress also causes an increase in fluid, electrolyte and glycogen loss (which is why pacing is critical) but the heat impacts the ability to effectively digest and absorb calories and fluids. Thus the greater risk of GI issues in higher heat environments.

As you prepare yourself mentally for your upcoming long distance event, keep in mind that working at a higher effort than your body can dissipate heat is going to produce a build-up of internal heat.

• Create a race strategy that will allow you to use your fitness in a smart way.
• Your fastest performance is the one where you minimize a massive slow down.
• Navigate the conditions you are given on the day, don't chase a PR or metrics. Listen to your body.
• Focus on what you can control. Make sure to "check-in" with yourself and respond accordingly.
• Take walk breaks (reset breaks) when you run. The longer you let the heat build up, the greater the slow down (and greater risk of GI issues).
• Back off the effort. Start out conservatively to minimize the risk of irreversible heat stress. Save your heart beats.
• Go in with no expectations. Race your own race.
• Go into the event well-hydrated and fueled so you are in the best state of health possible to perform in the race conditions. Have a plan - don't just figure things out as you go along.
• Fuel and hydrate consistently and frequently. Moderate amounts of fluids consumed frequently will digest and absorb easier than large or tiny amounts consumed periodically. 
• Prioritize liquids over solids for easier digestion. As a general rule, the higher the carbohydrate content (and fat/protein) and lower the fluid intake, the slower the absorption rate.
• Focus on the process. Think of the race as a project, checking off to-do's and overcoming obstacles as you go through each mile.
• Keep yourself cool on the bike so you can start the run with a slightly lower (or normal) core body temperature. Use water from aid stations to douse the body.
• Your mour muscles demand more fuel (glycogen) in hot conditions. Muscles are more taxed which can affect efficiency and can also cause greater tissue damage.
• On the run, your stomach can only empty about 5-7 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes. If you drink more than you can empty from your stomach, you will risk a sloshy stomach. Also, if you only drink water, you risk diluting sodium in the blood. Make sure to rely on a sport drink throughout the race (that’s why I also suggest to wear a hydration belt on the run) and use water only for sipping and cooling.
• Use ice in your hands, on your head, around your neck and near your groin to help with cooling. Also use a cooling towel.
• Minimize the risk of a sunburn by using sunscreen.
• Wear a hydration belt with your sport drinks on hand so you can keep to your own drinking schedule.
• The harder the effort, the more your body temp will increase as more heat is being generated. The harder you push, the greater the increase in heat production. You will know when your body temp is increasing because you will feel yourself getting warmer. Control your effort to better manage your body temp throughout the entire race.
• Look for shaded areas on the course to avoid running in the direct sunlight.
• If you feel overly hot, dizzy or chills. Stop immediately, sit down and get yourself cooled.

If you found this information helpful and you'd like to learn more about sport nutrition (like should you concentrate your bottles during a race, how do I fuel before a long distance triathlon and more?) check out our team membership. 

Hot Weather Training - Health and Safety Tips

 

Heat. 🔥

The summer presents a vulnerable time for endurance athletes who are training outside in an effort to gain fitness for an upcoming event.

High heat and humidity challenges the limits of the cardio system, central nervous system and skeletal muscle system. Maintaining core body temperature and keeping body fluids in balance are key priorities for your body. Training in a hot environment can put your body under a significant amount of physiological strain, which can negatively impact your health.

By understanding how the heat can impact your health and performance, you can do a better job of keeping yourself healthy this summer.

Hot Weather Sport Nutrition - diving into details

You may be able to get away with haphazard fueling and hydration strategies in cooler temps, but now is not the time to wing it when it comes to utilizing sport nutrition products during your long workouts.

If you've ever struggled with the application of sport nutrition, you've likely experiences several pronounced, uncomfortable and performance-limiting symptoms related to underfueling, overfueling, dehydration and overhydration such as headache, no urge to urinate, sleepiness, lack of appetite, nausea, bloating, fatigue, muscle aches, moodiness, diarrhea, sloshy stomach, headache and dizziness.

Proper fueling during intense or long duration exercise helps you sustain a desirable effort to maximize training adaptations. You can also practice fueling strategies for competition and train the gut to tolerate nutrition while exercising at various intensities.

Contrary to the opinion of other nutrition experts, I'm a huge proponent of consistently using sport nutrition during training - regardless of the workout intensity and duration. I've also had great success prioritizing liquid calories during long distance training (for myself and for the hundreds of athletes that have reached out to me for sport nutrition consulting).

If you are training for a long-distance event (90+ minutes) or training intensely in the heat for 60+ minutes, a sport drink provides a practical and easy way to obtain fluids, electrolytes and carbohydrates, in the right formulation to optimize digestion and absorption. Sport drinks are very safe and effective but are often misused or neglected – especially in the heat.

Sport Drink Formulation

For a sports drink to work effectively, it must have the same or less than osmolality of blood. As a reference, blood plasma has an osmolality of 280-300 milliosmoles per kilogram and a bottle of Gatorade has an osmolality of ~330 mOsm/kg. A sports drinks osmolality (Iso-, hyper- or hypotonic) is dependent on the carbohydrate type (ex. glucose, fructose, maltodextrin) and concentration (grams) in a solution (fluid ounces) – in other words, how quickly it can absorb into your blood stream. If a drink’s osmolality is greater than the blood’s (concentrated or hypertonic), liquid will be pulled from the blood and into the intestine to equalize the two concentrations – this net movement of water is theoretically dehydrating. A iso or hypotonic drink, in contrast, will provide a favorable osmotic gradient so that water diffuses into the cells. If you fail to replace the fluids and electrolytes (sodium) lost in sweat, a cascade of negative events occurs, such as a rise in osmolality, a drop in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. In contrast, if you drink too much water too quickly and don’t consume drinks with adequate sodium, sodium levels will drop as body water levels rise, causing cells to swell.

What about homemade concoctions?
Because fructose uses a different intestinal transporter compared to glucose or sucrose, and once in the bloodstream, has to be taken up by the liver to be processed into a usable fuel source for the muscles (which can take up to 90 minutes), juices are not recommended as a "sport drink" during exercise. Focus on your daily meals and resist the urge to be a scientist when it comes to formulating sport drinks.

As for coconut water, although coconut water contains calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (electrolytes found in sweat), sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes because they reside in the extracellular fluid. Compared to a sugar-rich hydration beverage, coconut water is a safe and natural option to occasionally enjoy as an alternative to water. However, to sustain moderate to high-intensity exercise for longer than 90-minutes, the body depends on ingested carbohydrates and sodium – both of which lack in appropriate amounts in coconut water. Additionally, if you are paying extra for coconut water to increase your daily potassium intake, look no further than the produce aisle – a large potato contains 1553 mg of potassium! If you enjoy the taste of coconut water over plain water, choose it for light activity. But to prevent dehydration, to replace lost electrolytes and provide the muscles with carbohydrates, a well-formulated sport drink is encouraged. 

Gels, Bars and Chews

Gels, bars and chews are highly concentrated, portable sources of carbohydrates that are easy to consume during exercise but they lack the fluid and electrolytes that you’d find in a sport drink and are not in the right formulation by themselves to be easily digested and absorbed. Same goes for salt pills. Most gels and chews contain around 100 calories (or 25g of carbs) per serving. More concentrated in carbohydrates compared to a sport drink, gels and chews must be consumed with water to encourage gastric emptying. For every 15g of carbohydrates, at least 8-ounce of water should be consumed. Athletes may prefer to dilute a gel into a flask or bottle of water to create a more dilute concentration. Considerably low in sodium (50-100mg), gels and chews are ineffective to replenish sodium lost in sweat. Remember, your fluid, sodium and carb intake will be for nothing if it’s just sloshing around in your gut.

This doesn’t mean that you can't consume solid food or a gel or chews during long distance training, but to minimize GI issues and to simplify sport nutrition, I strongly advise to prioritize liquid sport drinks when you train (and race) and use chews for a central nervous system pick-me-up and bars/solid food to keep the tummy happy.

Digestion and Absorption

When applying the topic of sport nutrition, it's important to understand that just because you are consuming carbohydrates, sodium and water, this doesn't mean that your muscles are receiving what you are consuming. If a product is not consumed properly (or formulated properly when mixed), it'll simply hang around in the gut - causing bloating, a sloshy stomach, heart burn, belching, vomiting, gas and/or diarrhea. fluid ingestion. This can further lead to dehydration and glycogen depletion.

Water is absorbed in the small intestines and by the time it enters the large intestines, roughly 80% absorption has occurred. The rate of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption are dependent on the volume and formulation of the beverage. The greater the concentration, the greater the osmolality. This is why you should never concentrate your sport drink – like putting 400-600 calories (2 or 3 hours worth of calories) in one bottle that only has 28 ounces of fluid OR consuming a sport drink with protein or fat. When you drink plain water, there’s a drive for the water to dilute the blood (water moves toward blood) but if you drink a more concentrated beverage than blood, like a hypertonic sport drink or soda or juice, water will move from inside the bloodstream and into the gut – which is dehydrating. The inclusion of electrolytes and glucose in a beverage promotes retention of fluids. When you add a little sugar with sodium (as in a sport drink), you can pull a great amount of water across the small intestines, optimizing water absorption. To help with fluid and electrolyte loss, it's not just about the carbs. You also need to ingest water and electrolytes from a sport drink to keep plasma volume at normal levels.

As a helpful reminder regarding sport nutrition application, keep things simple, consistent and easy to repeat. Practice, practice, practice. 

Hot Weather Long-Distance Triathlon Racing - How to Fuel/Hydrate

"Drink as much as you can and take lots of salt tabs!"

This is what I've been reading a lot of lately on social media as it relates to the advice that triathletes are receiving in route to their upcoming hot long distance race. 

Racing in the heat is extremely taxing on the body. The biggest consequences include heat stress/exhaustion/stroke and dehydration. Anytime the weather is above 86-degrees F, there will be some type of stress to your cardiovascular system. For the athlete with a hot weather race on the schedule, you must be smart, flexible, attentive and safe when exercising in the heat. Times will be slow(er) than normal and you can't chase metrics. Your primary goal is racing smart and doing the little things well. It probably won't be your fastest race and on paper, the race results may not showcase your current level of fitness but in such extreme conditions, your only goal is to reach the finish line without compromising your health.

Most athletes will overhydrate before and during a hot weather race. There will be many haphazard nutrition "plans" that involve the excessive consumption of salt pills, excessive consumption of sport drinks and lots and lots of water. Because you will be physiologically limited in the heat, there a limit as to how much sodium, fluid and carbohydrates your body can digest and absorb. You can't replace everything that is lost in sweat (and metabolic heat). 

There are several approaching triathlon races where the weather is predicted to be in the mid to upper 90's. That's hotter than hot when you are racing for 70.3 or 140.6 miles. To be honest, these conditions are not safe for the human body and racing in such brutal conditions poses a significant risk to health. While hot conditions are sure to compromise the health of the body, there are ways to mitigate the stress response to the heat and to safely reach the finish line. By understanding the body response when exercising in hot weather and learning how your fueling and hydration can help you , you will have the necessary tools to fuel and hydrate like a pro. 

Keep yourself safe when running in the heat

Remember that time when you were wishing for warmer temps? Well, that time has come.
I always run with hydration and fuel in my Naked running belt (all year long) but no surprise - I go through my fluids much quicker when it's hot and steamy outside.

Although it can be misearble (and sometimes dangerous) to train in the heat, there are a few ways to help mitigate the physiological response to exercising in hot and humid temps.

First off, it's important to understand why exercise feels so difficult in the heat.

1. Blood that would normally go to the working muscles in a cooler environment is now going to the skin for cooling (so heat can be released into the air).
2. Your body is trying to maintain a safe body temperature (homeostasis). If body temp increases beyond a safe level, normal bodily functions can't be maintained and your body will shut/slow down.
3. With a greater risk for dehydration and loss of electrolytes in the heat, your body can not maintain normal physiological functions. With less fluid in the body, your heart has to work even harder to keep blood volume up to function. In other words, when blood volume drops due to dehydration, your heart has to beat faster to circulate the same amount of blood through the body. When you are dehydrated and blood volume drops, it's incredibly difficult to meet all of the demands of the working body. Ultimately, the body will prioritize cooling and cardiovascular safety and you'll be forced to decrease your effort. If you try to fight it, you'll end up overheating and may fall victim to a heat-related illness.

Here are a few helpful reminders to keep yourself safe when training in the heat:

• Do not attempt a run workout in the hottest hours of the day. Run early morning or in the evening when the sun is not blazing over you. Don't try to be a hero - if it's not safe outside, take your workout indoors (ex. brick running).
• Wear appropriate clothing that keeps you cool, comfortable and protected- lightweight, loose-fitting, breathable and sweat wicking. Don't forget to use sunscreen, wear a breathable hat (and sunglasses) and utilize a cooling towel around your neck. Plan your route to include shade, water fountains, gas stations (for refilling) and off any new asphalt. 
• Don't ration your fluids - stop and refill before you run out of fluids. Aim for at least 10 ounce fluid, 80-100 calories and 240-400mg of sodium per every 30-45 minutes of running. Sip every 8-15 minutes. Use plain water for cooling the body. 
• Adjusting to the heat takes time. It needs to be taken with caution. Keep an eye on your heart rate - even if your pace feels "slow" your rising heart rate will remind you that your body is perceiving the effort as "hard."
• Adjust your effort during structured workouts. Think of intervals as progressive - try to get stronger as the workout continues. Start out easier to reduce the chance of overheating. Starting out too hard (ex. in an interval or in the early part of a workout) will inhibit the body from being able to cool itself. 
• Speed intervals, tempo work and race efforts require adjusted expectations in hot conditions (the best strategy is to not have expectations or a set outcome goal). You will likely need to give yourself more rest to lower the heart rate between intervals or incorporate more walking between intervals. Because the heart rate will rise quickly in the heat and will continue to rise (cardiac drift), your intense efforts should not be forced. It won't take much to increase your heart rate to a "strong" effort. 
• Don't be tempted to keep the pace of a training partner. Listen to your body cues to prevent overheating. Focus on your fueling/hydration needs - drink when you need to drink and stop when you need to stop. 
• Focus on your hydration and fueling in the 72 hours before and after the workout. Preparing for a hot weather workout does not mean only focusing on what you eat/drink in the hours before and after the workout. Because of the taxing nature of hot workouts, you need to prepare in advance and plan well after the workout is complete. 
• Monitor the signs and symptoms of a heat related illness. Chills, headache, nausea, dizziness, no urge to urinate, dark urine, confusion and light-headedness  during and after a workout are not normal and should be taken seriously. 

How to manage racing in hot weather conditions

Every race requires a bit of planning but racing in the heat requires a bit more thought. When the ambient temperature is extremely high and your working muscles are generating additional heat, it's very important to externally keep your body cool and to replenish what you lose from sweat.

During a race, when your metabolic and heat production rates are high, core temperature increases. This isn't too much of a worry in cool conditions but if it's hot and humid outside, the body then has to cope with the environmental heat and the heat produced by the working muscles. To keep you from overheating, the first priority of your body is sending more blood to the skin to help with cooling – leaving less oxygen-rich blood for the muscles and less blood for your gut to help with digestion.

As a way to help cool yourself, your body increases the sweat rate to remove heat from your body through evaporative cooling. As you become dehydrated (from water loss), blood volume decreases. In turn, more blood to the skin means less to your heart. To maintain cardiac output, heart rate increases to try to supple the muscles with blood. But decreased blood availability means less blood is available to go to the working muscles. When the body can't overcome the heat stress, heat builds up in your body, your core temp increases and you are at risk for overheating and a heat illness.

For endurance athletes, it's important to note that your muscles demand more fuel (glycogen) in hot conditions. Muscles are more taxed which can affect efficiency and can also cause greater tissue damage.

A few tips to help you better manage racing in hot conditions:

• With less blood available to the working muscles and the cardio system under stressed, you have to be careful with pacing. Do not push yourself or chase paces (or PR's). Run within your capabilities under heat stress. Certainly this will be more of a factor with running (full-body) compared to swimming or cycling.
  
• Go into your race well fueled. It's much easier to give your body fuel when you are sedentary than when you are exercising. A fueled and hydrated tank going into the race will help reduce the risk of GI issues that often occur from consuming too much nutrition during a race (your body can only digest and absorb ~1g carb per minute when you are exercising).
  
• Go into the race well hydrated and salt your food. But don’t overdrink. Your urine should not be clear or dark but lightly yellow. If you have practiced with a hyper hydration drink like Osmo, NBS, Skratch or Vite, I suggest to pre-load with between 600-1200mg sodium twice a day in the 24 hours before you race (and on race day morning). Otherwise, just salt your food.
  
• Before and during the race, keep yourself cool. During a triathlon, use water to cool your body when cycling (aid stations) and when running, use a cooling towel, sponges and ice.
  
• Stay well hydrated on the bike by drinking frequently – even in the first hour when you don’t feel thirsty. Use your well-formulated, practiced sport drink and try to stick to a drinking schedule to optimize digestion and absorption.
  
• Don't assume that "more salt" will keep you better hydrated. Your body can only accept so much when you are exercising. Your body functions best when you are proactive, not reactive.
  
• On the run, your stomach can only empty about 5-7 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes. If you drink more than you can empty from your stomach, you may risk a sloshy stomach. Also, if you only drink water, you risk diluting sodium in the blood. Make sure to rely on a sport drink throughout the race (that’s why I also suggest to wear a hydration belt) and use water for sipping and cooling.
  
• The harder the effort, the more your body temp will increase as more heat is being generated. Think about the hardest/more demanding places on the course (ex. hills) that may cause an increase in heat production. Control your effort to better manage the entire race.
  
• Look for shaded areas on the course to avoid running in the direct sunlight.
  
• If you feel overly hot, dizzy or chills. Stop immediately and lay down and get yourself cooled.
  
• Use sunscreen, cover exposed areas with breathable, moisture-wicking fabrics and stay out of the sun before the race. A sunburn is extremely stressful to your body.
  
• After the race, cool your body down with ice/water and rehydrate. Take a cold shower and don’t just drink water. Suggest a mild-tasting electrolyte drink like Skratch, NBS or Vite. 
  
  Discounts:
  NBS: TRIMARNI
  Vite: TRIMARNI25
  Carborocket: TRIMARNI
  Naked Running: TRIMARNI15

Simple sport nutrition tweaks for hot weather training - run

RUN

I feel many triathletes need a constant reminder that they are not runners. Certainly, runners do not need to be reminded that they are not triathletes.

Runners absorb a completely training stress than the multisport athlete. Furthermore, the race day effort of a triathlete is based on the race distance, which determines what time of the day a triathlete runs and what type of mechanical fatigue the triathlete brings to the run. Thus, the pacing and fueling strategy for run training and running are very different than the single sport athlete.
(Note - even for runners, I still find it valuable to set up aid stations or bring nutrition and hydration with you during long runs)

For the triathletes, you can not think like a runner when you train for triathlons.

For example, if you are doing a brick run, you can not think of your run off the bike as "only" a 20-minute run. I see it all the time - a triathlete is out on his/her bike for 3, 4, 5+ hours and then comes the run off the bike and no fluids are consumed during the run.  If you ride your bike for 3 hours and run 20 minutes off the bike, you are completing a 3 hour and 20 minute workout - you can not think that you are "only" running 20 minutes. Sure, a solo 20 minute run does not need calories or fluids but your body still requires and deserves fluids, electrolytes and calories to finish off your workout.

Once this new fueling strategy is ingrained into your head, you will notice that you are running better off the bike (not barely surviving or suffering), you are more energized and thinking clearly during a run off the bike, you are protecting your health (allowing you to train more consistently), you can reduce risk for injury and you can reduce your overall training stress, thus allowing you to recover faster. I can't tell you how many athletes that I have worked with who consistently underfuel and underhydrate while running all because it doesn't seem natural or needed to bring nutrition and hydration on a run.  By fueling and hydrating properly, not only do you build confidence for race day, train your gut and improve performance but you protect your health AND you can function better in life (your family can thank me for this advice).

-------------------------------------------------------------

-There are many hydration belts and packs on the market so take your pick. Just please carry something with you that allows you to run with good form (I advise to not carry anything more than 6-8 ounces in your hand as it can throw off your gait and cause muscle tension in the neck/back). A hydration pack/belt allows you to hydrate and fuel consistently when YOU want to fuel and hydrate. Yes, it may feel uncomfortable at first but just like running with a HR monitor, wearing a hat/visor, running with a watch or wearing an ankle strap or race belt around your waist, you can get use to it.

-In hot weather, you need to plan for 1 x 10+ ounce flask with 70-100 calories of a hydration based sport drink with at least 250-400+ mg sodium for every 30 minutes of running - this is for any length brick run or long run. If you run on the treadmill, the same strategy applies but you can use a sport bottle instead of a flask.

-You also need to plan for 1 x 10 ounce flask of cold water for every 30 minutes of running for any brick run or long run. This will be a lifesaver as you can now use this cold water for sipping and for cooling to help control core temperature. 

-Plan your run routes accordingly so that you can make quick stops for easy refilling of sport nutrition powder (ex. baggies or single serving packets) and use water fountains or bottles for water. Many sport nutrition companies (ex. Scratch, Tailwind, Clif Hydration, EFS pro) provide single serving packets so you can carry refill powder with you when you need to refill. 

-To reduce the risk of GI upset and to optimize digestion and absorption, I suggest to sip your drink every 8-10 minutes and as needed. Never ration your hydration when you run because you don't want to stop or your  next stop isn't for an hour - sip when you want and when you are finished, refill. It's ideal to best understand when you prefer to drink.

-If you are using a hydration beverage (ex. sport nutrition product that provides calories and sodium, which is recommended), you will reduce the risk of overdrinking on plain water, as it is typical for athletes who run without a sport drink to either overdrink on water when they stop or get to a water fountain/gas station or only consume water during a long run (or after a long bike) thus depleting sodium stores.

-If you prefer gels or chews over powder, you still need to carry water with you. However, you can replace a sport drink powder with bloks/chews but it's important to still consume your calories consistently (and make sure your gel/chews contain sodium).

-If you prefer gels, use a gel flask (1 gel mixed in water in a small flask) for easy sipping. It's recommended to use a gel flask instead of consuming a gel every 45 minutes as a gel is properly digested and absorbed with 12-16 ounce of water. Using a gel flask dilutes the gel for easier digestion.

-Incorporate walk breaks into your run training regime to get more comfortable consuming fluids and calories when you are running. It can take up to 6 weeks to train your gut if you are not yet comfortable (or tolerating) consuming nutrition when you run. 

Example; If you are running for 30 minutes off the bike, bring 80-100 calories of sport nutrition in a     10-ounce flask and a 10-ounce flask of ice cold water.

If you are running for 2 hours, start your run with 1 flask of sport nutrition and 1 flask of water and refill your flasks every 30 minutes.

(This is recommended for hot weather training).

IMPORTANT - Please DO NOT ration your sport nutrition or water because you don't want to stop or because you think it is cool to underfuel.

You will gain fitness, train more consistently, build confidence in your sport nutrition plan for race day and protect your health by fueling and hydration adequately.

TIP: To prevent taste bud fatigue, vary your flavors of sport drink throughout your long rides and runs so that you are not always consuming lemon-lime flavor (as an example) every time you train.

Also, if you feel that your mouth gets tired of the "sweet" taste of a sport drink, have a sip of a carbonated drink, consume something sour or take a bit of a savory bar (ex. peanut butter, chocolate, bacon-flavored, etc.) to excite the taste buds so that you can return back to your routine fueling regime. 

Simple sport nutrition tweaks for hot weather training - bike

BIKE

It's unfortunate but many athletes underfuel in training and overfuel on race day.
Why do triathletes do this?

Underfueling can be from many reasons - fear of gaining weight, wanting to lose weight, trying to be more "metabolically efficient," not knowing how to fuel, not feeling that (more) calories are needed, thinking sport nutrition is bad/unhealthy, not bringing enough energy/fluids, not planning stops accordingly, poor planning/feeling rushed to get in a workout or not knowing how much energy/fluids are needed. Certainly, underfueling does not enhance performance and consequently, not meeting energy and hydration needs can sabotage health. 

Overfueling on race day is often out of fear of not having enough energy. Sadly, no amount of calories on race day can make the body perform at an intensity that was not established in training.  And if you are an athlete who underfuels in training, not only are you missing an opportunity to boost fitness in training but a body that has been underfueled in training will underperform on race day. Additionally, an overfueled body on race day can increase the risk for GI issues which is often more performance limiting than lack of energy. 

In peak training, your longer workouts require calories, electrolytes and fluids. If you are performance minded, you can not be scared of consuming calories when you train.

Every time you just "get by" to check off a workout to say you did it, these are the workouts where you are not training smart. Consecutive long workouts where you just get by will not make your body prepared for race day. 

Yes, you may be checking off workouts thus making you think that you are getting yourself ready but you are not becoming physiologically prepared for race day.

If you feel limited by your bike fitness, do yourself two favors.

First, learn how to ride your bike.
Get a good bike fit from an experienced fitter, improve your bike handling skills, learn how to sit on your saddle properly, ride comfortably and relaxed and improve your posture. By doing all of this, you will ride more efficiently, thus expending less energy.

Secondly, learn how to fuel for your longer workouts. Your body will thank you by giving you great health in training and a fitter, faster, stronger and more powerful body on race day.
------------------------------------------------------------

-In cooler temps, you will find it easy to meet energy and fluid needs. In the winter months, you will find it super easy to digest and easily absorb almost any type of solid or sport nutrition food. But come hot weather, your gut becomes much more sensitive to what you put inside the belly (substance, volume and concentration) as the muscles and gut are competing for the same blood (and most of the time, the muscles win). Most athletes will find it necessary to consume less calories than normal in hotter temps but in order to ensure a steady effort, pacing must be appropriate. 

-The first tweak in regard to summer fueling/hydrating is more of a change in routine than a change in habit. And boy oh boy, I know that triathletes do not like change. With the hotter temps, you will need to stop more frequently to refill bottles. Rationing your fluids so that you don't have to stop during a 5+ hour ride (because it takes times or will affect your overall speed/pace) is not ideal, yet time and time again, triathletes don't make the effort to stop. Limit your stops to no more than 10 minutes as you do not want your body to switch to recovery body. Make your stops quick - bathroom, refill bottles with sport nutrition powder/ice/water and then get back to doing work on two wheels. Be sure to plan your routes accordingly  - if there are no places to refill bottles (water fountains or gas stations) consider loops or out and backs. 

-The second tweak is making sure that you have enough easy-to-reach cages/hydration systems on your bike. There are many different set-ups as to where to place your cages but no matter where you put your bottles on your bike, you should have one primary bottle that you use to meet your fluid/energy/electrolyte needs (rotate bottles to keep this primary bottle stocked). Every triathlete should be skilled enough to grab, sip and rotate bottles (if this scares you - practice in a safe parking lot, not on the trainer, until this skill is mastered). If you are resorting to a straw-based hydration system because you are not comfortable grabbing bottles - you still need to know how to grab bottles to refill your straw-based hydration system. Grabbing bottles should be a skill that every triathlete is comfortable with in training, well before race day. You need to carry your nutrition with you so be sure to invest in 3-4 cages on your bike.  

-Although I have seen all types of haphazard fueling strategies by all types of athletes, here is the most simple of sport nutrition advice to help you meet your needs during workouts over 90 minutes (or intense workouts over 60 minutes): 
-->Bring 1 bottle sport drink for every 1 hour of riding. This could be anywhere from 150-300 calories depending on your hourly needs - be mindful that the concentration, carbohydrates in a specific volume of water, is extremely important in hot weather - less concentrated = easier digestion but this may require you dialing back your effort so you don't run out of energy too soon. As you may know, I prefer and advocate sport drinks/powders over solid food + electrolyte based-bottles for optimal digestion and absorption and a more simple execution. 
-->Each sport drink bottle should have at least 400-600+mg of sodium. While there are several ways to monitor your electrolyte needs (pre/post weighing, sweat rate, urination, etc.), many athletes fall short on electrolytes (specifically sodium) by either taking in too much or too little but not always staying consistent. You can simply add salt to each bottle (1/8 tsp salt = ~290 mg) to increase your sodium intake, without a large bolus of salt being consumed all at once, per hour. Salt tabs may have a place but should be discussed with a sport dietitian on proper usage. Also be mindful that there are good salt-based electrolyte tabs/sticks on the market but also some that are not used properly by athletes due to being misinformed on how to use them. 
-->Lastly, you need to add 1 bottle of ice cold water to your bike for sipping and cooling. Whereas in cooler temps (or the fall/spring) you may be just fine meeting your hydration needs each hour by finishing a 24-26 ounce bottle of sport drink each hour, in the summer heat, there's a good chance that you need up to 32-36 ounces of fluid per hour (this additional fluid does not have to be calorie-based fluids - water is just fine). Adding in the extra water can make a huge difference in terms of how you feel, absorb nutrition and hydrate during a workout. When you finish your water, this is typically a sign that you should be stopping soon to refill your bottles. 

Example: If you are riding 3 hours, bring 2 bottles sport drink + 1 bottle ice cold water. Sip every 10-15 minutes, 3-5 big sips at a time. If you fall short on this or your terrain doesn't allow you to follow this regime, you can also do 2-3 sips every 7-8 minutes but never overchug to "make up" if you go too long without fueling/hydrating. Slowly catch up. Plan to stop around 2 hours to refill bottles to last another 2 hours. 

-Your best fueling and hydrating plan in the summer is one that can be easy to execute, over and over again in training - hour after hour. Simple is best! Don't make your fueling and hydrating more complicated than it needs to be. Frequent and consistent intake is extremely important for optimizing digestion and absorption. In the case that your stomach is not accepting a drink, stop consuming calories for 10-15 minutes, sip occasionally on water throughout the next 10-15 minutes and back down on your effort/pace to let the gut settle. 

-Tip: To prevent taste bud fatigue, you should have multiple flavors of your sport drink each hour. If you like eating a little solid food as you are training/racing, compliment the sweetness of a sport drink with something savory, like a peanut butter, chocolate, bacon or rich and bold-based food as opposed to something sweet, on top of your already sweet drink. 

Simple sport nutrition tweaks for hot weather training - swim

Hopefully by now in the season, you have dialed in your fueling and hydration regime to help you adapt well to training and to keep your body healthy. 

While there can be several pronounced and noticeable symptoms to let you know that you are not meeting your energy, electrolyte and fluid needs during your longer or more intense workouts, like headache, not feeling the urge to urinate during a long workout or for hours after the workout, nausea, bloating, fatigue, muscle aches/throbbing and dizziness, you may notice that even without a health or performance-related issue, with the intense summer heat, something is still off with your fueling and hydrating strategy.
Important note: the symptoms I mentioned are not "normal" just because you are an athlete, training hard, wanting to get faster or leaner or training for a long distance event.

Over the next few blogs, you will learn a few simple tweaks that you can make to your current fueling and hydration regime.

As a Board Certified Sport RD, if it takes you more than a few weeks to put together a solid fueling and hydration plan or you are constantly struggling to get through workouts due to improper fueling/hydrating, reach out to a dietitian who specializes in sport nutrition, to help.

SWIM

-Simple enough, always have a bottle of water on deck. Although many triathletes train in a competition pool where the water temperature is cool, most pools (ex. YMCA) are not cool...they are warm or even hot. Regardless of the water temperature, you are generating heat and sweating in the water. Sip fluids between sets.

-For newer swimmers who are building endurance and stamina in the water and find that form falls apart as the workout continues over 20 minutes, consider adding 50-100 calories of a hydration based sport drink to your bottle. While you are burning way more calories than you are consuming, keep in mind that the purpose of sport nutrition is to help delay fatigue. If you train with poor form, you will keep swimming with poor form. A sport drink during the workout may also help your appetite post workout as many athletes finished a swim extremely hungry and tend to overeat after the workout is complete (or notice extreme carbohydrate cravings later in the day).

-If you are a believer that you shouldn't have a water bottle on deck during a swim practice because you can't drink during a triathlon, this is not smart training. Why do you train? You train so that you can be as fit, fast, strong and resilient as possible on race day. In training, you are doing anything and everything possible so that come race day, you are in the best shape possible with a healthy body.
Remember, you are also not a competitive swimmer - you are a triathlete. This means that you are likely not swimming more than 2-4 times per week so every swim workout counts. Plus, you are bringing fatigue to your workouts from a previous run or bike session. The better and more consistently you can train, the better you will perform on race day. It's likely that you do a dozen or more things in training that you don't/won't do on race day (and vice versa) so you have permission from me to have a bottle on deck for all swim workouts.

-If you tend to feel nauseous when you eat before a swim, you'll benefit from having a sport drink during the swim (if swimming on an empty stomach) to ensure that you are well hydrated throughout the workout but also using those calories to help postpone fatigue (~50-120 calories in a bottle will work just fine for a 60-90 minute workout).

-Many triathletes complain of cramps in the legs when they swim. From my experience, this is less related to sodium/dehydration but more related to muscle tightness (especially when a swim follows a run or a hard bike workout). If you tend to suffer from cramps in your legs when swimming, use neoprene shorts or a buoy to take the stress off your lower body. Additionally, avoid using fins when you run/bike before a swim (or when you feel a cramp coming on). Lastly, be sure to start your swim workout with mobility work on dry land to loosen up the ankles, calves, hips and hamstrings (ex. dynamic stretching, light foam rolling). Although having a hydration beverage when you swim is recommended, tight calves, hamstrings and ankles while kicking are often the source of cramping when swimming.